Molecular disruption of the lipid carrier AFABP/aP2 in mice results in improved insulin sensitivity and protection from atherosclerosis. Because small molecule inhibitors may be efficacious in defining the mechanism(s) of AFABP/aP2 action, a chemical library was screened and identified 1 (HTS01037) as a pharmacologic ligand capable of displacing the fluorophore 1-anilinonaphthalene 8-sulfonic acid from the lipid binding cavity. The X-ray crystal structure of 1 bound to AFABP/aP2 revealed that the ligand binds at a structurally similar position to a long-chain fatty acid. Similar to AFABP/aP2 knockout mice, 1 inhibits lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and reduces LPS-stimulated inflammation in cultured macrophages. 1 acts as an antagonist of the protein-protein interaction between AFABP/aP2 and hormone sensitive lipase but does not activate PPARgamma in macrophage or CV-1 cells. These results identify 1 as an inhibitor of fatty acid binding and a competitive antagonist of protein-protein interactions mediated by AFABP/aP2.